SectionTopicPage
1The Passive Voice140
1.1The Passive in the Present Tense

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140
1.2The Passive in the Past Tense

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146
1.3The Passive in the Present Perfect and Past Perfect

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149
1.4Further Passive Constructions152
1.5Verb Tenses in Active and Passive155
2Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)164
2.1Changes in Personal and Possessive Pronouns164
2.2Use of Tenses166
2.3Reporting Questions and Commands171
2.4Modal Auxiliary Verbs in Reported Speech175
3Relative Clauses186
3.1Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses186
4Sentence Shortening / Reductions193
4.1Sentence Shortening with Gerunds193
4.2Sentence Shortening with Infinitive Constructions198
4.3Sentence Shortening with Participle Constructions201
5Reading and Understanding Texts208
5.1Non-fiction Texts (Expository)

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208
5.2Summarizing Texts

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213
5.3Literary Texts

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217
5.4Listening Comprehension219
6Speaking English225
6.1Presenting

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225
6.2Arguing / Debating

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231
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